Freud - Father Of Psychology Essays - Freudian Psychology

Freud - Father Of Psychology Essays - Freudian Psychology Freud - Father Of Psychology Known as the father of psychology, Freud developed many of the first theories of modern physiology. His ideas and concepts will continue to be studied through the years. He put forth many new concepts about sexuality, consciousness, unconsciousness and instincts. He spent his whole life devoted to discovering the secrets of the human nature. Personally I think this guy was weird. Sigmund Freud was born on May 6, 1856 in Freiburg. The town of Freiburg later became Pribor and was eventually absorbed into the modern state of Czechoslovakia. Freuds father, name Jakob Freud was a Jewish wool merchant. Freuds mother Amalie Nathanson was from Galicia. She was Jakobs second wife. Sigmund had eight brothers and sisters in all. Two of which were from Jakobs first marriage. The other six were from Amelia. His first influences to science were when he heard lectures on Goethe. In 1873 he applied to the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Vienna, here was where he changed his name from Sigismund to Sigmund. He earned is doctorate in medicine and worked as a research assistant under Ernst Von Brucke, as a neurologist. In 1882, Freud became interested in the effects and benefits of cocaine. He spent long hours recording the effects they had on his body. These studies hurt his status as a scientist because other scientists already documented the harmful effects cocaine h as on the body. In 1886 Freud started his first office of neurology in Vienna. That same year he married Martha Bernays. This marriage produced six children named Mathilde, Martin, Oliver, Ernst, Sophia and Anna. Also around that time in 1885 he produced his studies on hysteria. In 1900 Freud published his first book called the Interpretation of Dreams, which made him famous. The next year he published Psycho Pathology of Everyday Life. Also in 1901 he became an associate professor of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Vienna, where he gained his doctorate. Later he founded the International Association of Psychoanalysis in 1910. In 1920 he was hired as a full professor of the University of Vienna where he gained vast experience with patients, sometimes spending up to twelve hours with single patients. Also in 1920 he published Beyond the Pleasure Principle. In 1923 Freud became ill with cancer. To deal with the pain Freud developed an intense and uncontrollable cocaine ha bit. In 1939 Freud died of cancer in London at age 83. His daughter Anna later became a pioneer creating child psychoanalysis and founding the Hampstead Child Therapy Clinic. Freud developed theories about the parts of the conscious and unconscious which developed during the first eight years of life. He separated it into three parts: the id, ego and super ego. The id possesses the instincts that we gain at conception. The id is the most important part of the three components. The id provides the basic necessities, such as the will to survive, obtain food and seek shelter. The ego drives the voluntary behavior of the human body. It is the link between the id and the outside world. It is gives one as the ability to choose. The egos main job is the awareness of stimuli. The id and the ego control the demands of instincts and they have many important defenses against anxiety. Displacement directs energy onto another object, e.g. blaming others. Rationalization, sublimation, and regression are among the other defense mechanisms of the id and ego. The third and last aspect of the mind is the super ego, also known as the conscience. It basically maintains the i nformation learned from the parents admonitions through the early years of life. It represents lessons and experiences a human goes through during his/her lifetime. Freud developed a theory that each of the three basic mental parts keeps each other in check. Like the checks and balances system our government uses. So that each has a specific power over the other but all are equal. Freud tried to narrow down all the needs the mind wants to only the basic necessities or libido. Freud sought to break down childhood into four basic periods of conflict. Anxiety occurs if the needs of the child are not met.

Chapter Titles of How To Read Literature Like a Professor Essays

Chapter Titles of How To Read Literature Like a Professor Essays Chapter Titles of How To Read Literature Like a Professor Paper Chapter Titles of How To Read Literature Like a Professor Paper Essay Topic: Literature Chapter one Every trip is a quest (except when its not) Chapter two Nice to eat with you: acts of comminion Chapter three Nice to eat you: acts of vampires Chapter four Now, where have I seen her before? Chapter five When in doubt, its from Shakespeare Chapter six or the bible Chapter seven Hanseldee and Greteldum Chapter eight Its Greek to me Chapter nine Its more than just rain or sniw Chapter ten Never stand next to the hero Interlude #1 Does he mean that? Chapter 11 more than its gonna hurt you: concerning violence Chapter 12 Is that a symbol? Chapter 13 Its all political Chapter 14 Yes, shes a Christ figure, too Chapter 15 Flights of fancy Chapter 16 Its all about sex Chapter 17 except sex Chapter 18 If she comes up, its baptism Chapter 19 Geography matters Chapter 20 so does season Interlude #2 One story Chapter 21 Marked for greatness Chapter 22 Hes blind for a reason, you know Chapter 23 Its never just a heart disease And rarely just illness Chapter 24 Dont read with your eyes Chapter 25 Its my symbol and Ill cry if I want to Chapter 26 Is he serious? And other ironies Chapter 27 A test case

Book review of Night by Elie Wiesel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Book review of Night by Elie Wiesel - Essay Example Elie later found out later that both his mother and sister were killed at the camp they were transported to. Elie and his father were sent to Auschwitz, a work camp, then from Auschwitz to Buna, and on to Buchenwald. While he and his father were in the concentration camp in Buchenwald, shortly before the war was over and the prisoners released. Elie’s father passed away from dysentery. There were many times when the young boy could think of no reason to survive the agony and pain of his life, yet his father’s memory and words kept him going. At a young age he was made to deal first with the death of his family, secondly with the death of his own childish innocence, and thirdly, and perhaps most importantly, he was made to deal with the temporary death of the God he had always known and believed deeply in. His father begged him many times not to lose the faith of his religion as it would keep him strong, yet in the midst of his pain the young Elie wondered how there could be a God that allowed so much suffering. He started to doubt his own faith, and wonder just where God was, and why he could not hear the cries of the masses of tortured people. Elie begins his story by describing the ghetto where he and his family, along with many others from their community were held captives. Even at this juncture, after having been dragged from their homes and herded like cattle into an area surrounded by barbed wire, somehow these Jewish people were still hopeful for their futures, still believed their lives would be normal again one day soon. Elie notes that â€Å"Most people thought that we would remain in the ghetto until the end of the war, until the arrival of the Red Army. Afterward, everything would be as before. The ghetto was ruled by neither German nor Jew; it was ruled by delusion.† (Wiesel 12). These delusions appeared to be all-consuming; perhaps the alternative of thinking what might be about to happen to themselves,

To what extent has the current financial crisis affected people's Essay

To what extent has the current financial crisis affected people's living standards in the UK - Essay Example Similarly, the real income remains at levels in 2002 whereas Consumer Price Inflation has risen by 25% (Croucher, 2013). This indicates the growing disparity between people’s purchasing power and the cost of commodities. Therefore, people are worse off with the increased prices and falling incomes. The commodity prices in UK have been affected largely by the current financial crisis. Prior to the financial crisis, the rapid oil price hike (including that in UK) had generated hope that the UK government would focus on renewable energy projects. However, the oil prices stabilized following the global recession owing to falling demand for fuel (Alvarez-Ramirez et al., 2012). As a result, the prices of commodities in UK, including both direct commodities such as petroleum and indirect commodities such as food stabilized. On the contrary, prices of diamonds saw a sharp decline in 2008 which was followed by a â€Å"rebound† whereby diamond prices exceeded equilibrium levels ( White & Rowley, 2013). This is referred to as a â€Å"commodity boom†. Thereafter, in 2011 when economic activity slowed down, the commodity prices suffered a fallback from their previously high levels. Commodity exporting countries such as the UK are greatly dependent on demand from commodity importing countries and BRIC economies such as India and China. Until 2007 and the first half of 2008, commodity prices increased rapidly due to boom in demand from India and China. However, the recessionary pressures soon caused demand for fuel and other commodities to slow down in these economies (El-Gamal & Jaffe, 2010). The international commodity demand for base metals soared with the demand for oil increasing simultaneously. This had led to an increase in food-based inflation with an increase in prices of petrol, food and other expenses. This inflation held back the Central Bank from reducing interest rates to provide financial comfort to UK citizens during the credit crunch. Furt hermore, with falling economic activity and new housing construction, construction contracts by the UK government also fell significantly from 2007 to 2009 (BBC News, 2012). This reduced the fall in demand for energy with the affect of a short-lived descent in oil prices in the UK during the period. The price of Gold, on the other hand, has been steadily rising following the recession. This is because gold has historically been viewed as a safe haven for investors to save their money during times of economic volatility. Gold boomed as stock markets collapsed and large amounts of money were printed with the dollar â€Å"floundering†. Furthermore, in the financial crisis marked by illiquidity, gold provided a highly liquid investment for investors (Shafiee & Topal, 2010). Emerging markets have had a â€Å"worst-than-expected† demand which shows how demand has fallen drastically resulting in a fall in overall commodity prices in the UK. To conclude, the financial crash ha d the effect of reducing or stabilizing the prices of fuel such as oil which had a spiraling effect on the prices of other commodities. One of the biggest causes of this (as highlighted earlier) has been the falling demand of commodities from BRIC economies in the aftermath of the crisis which has put prices of commodity exporting countries such as UK on a backburner. Furthermore, prices of gold increased due to strengthening of dollar

School Bullying vs Work Bullying Essay Example for Free

School Bullying vs Work Bullying Essay Bullying has been a problem in schools for a very long and it is gaining more attention due to media and anti-bullying programs. There are many different types of bullying. The kinds of bullying that are most common are physical, verbal, cyber bullying, and racial harassment. All types of bullying are serious and need to be stopped. Physical bullying can be in the form of hitting, kicking, shoving, punching, or any other kind of physical harm. Even threatening someone with physical harm is considered bullying. Boys are more likely to be involved in this category than girls. Another kind of bullying is verbal bullying occurs when the bully uses language to out down or discourage a person because of things such as the person’s appearance, physical inabilities, or their actions. Name calling is a major part in verbal bullying. This also includes spreading/starting rumors about somebody. One very well known method of bullying is via the Internet. This is called cyber bullying. Cyber bullying is the use of email, text messages, and social networking sites to harass someone. Bullying is a problem in our schools and it creates an unsafe environment for all who attend school. Bullying is not something that can just be addressed inside one teachers classroom, it requires a comprehensive community effort to effectively stop bullying and the tolerance of bullying. The factors that are a result of victimization are the same ones that cause students to be targeted and bullied it is a vicious cycle. When educators are not afraid to intervene in a situation involving bullying the student’s self-esteem rises as well as their willingness to learn. Bullying in the workplace is also a problem that many employers will come across. If bullying is handled badly, or goes unchecked, there can be serious problems for an organisation. However, behaviour that is considered bullying by one person, maybe be considered as firm management by another. There are many definitions of bullying. It can be said that bullying is offensive, intimidating or insulting behaviour towards an individual. There are many actions that both employers and employees can take when bullying takes place at work. In addition as mentioned above, peoples views on what constitutes bullying can differ. Workplace bullying refers to the continuous criticism, negative comments on ones work or personality etc which harm the mental state of an employee On the other hand according to a survey done, it was found that the employees who had undergone the workplace bullying in any form, say, belittling comments, abuses, continuous criticism etc had much more chances of being depressed, having inferiority complex, little job satisfaction and thus leaving their jobs than those who had undergone the sexual harassment. However in addition to this, it was also found out from the same survey that the employees who had experienced the workplace bullying had much more job stress, anger, anxiety and lower level of job commitment than the others.

The Good Earth in relation to food and culture :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The following in a report on the themes and action of The Good Earth by Pearl S. Buck as it relates to food and culture. This novel tells the story of Wang Lung. He is a man who rises from being a poor farmer to a very wealthy man because of his faith in the good earth. In the beginning of the story Wang Lung tries to see as little water as possible because he feels safest with his land under his feet. His family is very poor so he must feed his father corn gruel and tea. Wang Lung needs a wife so saves up the little money he has and buys a woman who is a slave named O-lan. O-lan is sold to Wang Lung so she can take care of the home, cooking and bear children. Wang Lung is disappointed when he first sees O-lan because she does not have bound feet which was a desirable quality at that time but he does enjoy when O-lan has the food ready when he comes in a night from the land. Wang Lung is very proud when O-lan makes cakes that no one else in the village knows how to makes and when his family comes to feast for the new year at their house. As a humble farmer Wang Lung always pay his respects to the figures of the Earth god and his mistress when he passes. Wang Lung’s love for the earth is the chief driving force in his life. It is also the foundation of his family and the one he turns to when he has troubles. Land is a sign and a symbol to Wang Lung. When O-lan’s and Wang Lung’s first child is born they dye eggs red and distribute them to the village to shown their first born is a male. After a year of good rains Wang Lung begins to amass a good fortune so he hides the money that they make so people will not try to borrow it. Again, the produce from the year is good, and Wang Lung is able to hide more silver. He buy land from the great house in town and it is very fruitful, yielding more harvest than his own land. Now everyone in the village knows that Wang Lung is the owner of a piece of the Hwang land. His status rises in the village. The following year the rains don’t come and the land dries up. The Good Earth in relation to food and culture :: essays research papers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The following in a report on the themes and action of The Good Earth by Pearl S. Buck as it relates to food and culture. This novel tells the story of Wang Lung. He is a man who rises from being a poor farmer to a very wealthy man because of his faith in the good earth. In the beginning of the story Wang Lung tries to see as little water as possible because he feels safest with his land under his feet. His family is very poor so he must feed his father corn gruel and tea. Wang Lung needs a wife so saves up the little money he has and buys a woman who is a slave named O-lan. O-lan is sold to Wang Lung so she can take care of the home, cooking and bear children. Wang Lung is disappointed when he first sees O-lan because she does not have bound feet which was a desirable quality at that time but he does enjoy when O-lan has the food ready when he comes in a night from the land. Wang Lung is very proud when O-lan makes cakes that no one else in the village knows how to makes and when his family comes to feast for the new year at their house. As a humble farmer Wang Lung always pay his respects to the figures of the Earth god and his mistress when he passes. Wang Lung’s love for the earth is the chief driving force in his life. It is also the foundation of his family and the one he turns to when he has troubles. Land is a sign and a symbol to Wang Lung. When O-lan’s and Wang Lung’s first child is born they dye eggs red and distribute them to the village to shown their first born is a male. After a year of good rains Wang Lung begins to amass a good fortune so he hides the money that they make so people will not try to borrow it. Again, the produce from the year is good, and Wang Lung is able to hide more silver. He buy land from the great house in town and it is very fruitful, yielding more harvest than his own land. Now everyone in the village knows that Wang Lung is the owner of a piece of the Hwang land. His status rises in the village. The following year the rains don’t come and the land dries up.

Does Economic Wealth Lead to Well-Being

Does Economic Wealth Lead To Well-being? In 1974, USC Professor Easterlin put forward that within a country the rich have higher average subjective well-being (SWB) than the poor. Nevertheless, the average SWB is uncorrelated with income between rich countries and poor countries. For example, the Gallup poll of 2012 well-being from Livescience website (2011) shows that Panama has 61% of people who said they are thriving, which had a greater score than the USA. The modern economy based on the opinion that the growth in the economy can lead to SWB increases.Surprisingly, economic growth does not bring more happiness. Therefore, this is the Easterlin Paradox. One explanation is ignoring variables, in the first part of this essay, noneconomic factors such as health, environment or family will be discussed, and these factors will counteract the positives of wealth. Then the second part will account for why economic wealth cannot measure happiness. There is also a certain amount of opinion to support economic wealth give rise to happiness. It will be presented by discussing GDP issues in part three.Well-being does not only depend on economic factors, but it also be influenced by work, environment, health or family relations etc. The Weighted Index of Social Progress sees Sweden, Denmark and Norway on top, while the Happy Planet Index sees Colombia and Costa Rica among the leaders (Measures of Well-being, 2006). And a few South American countries’ SWB is as high as developed countries such as Puerto Rico, or Guatemala. The above cases show that economy is one of the elements in estimating SWB. It is evidence that economic wealth results in the working burden raising dramatically.Working pressure disrupts the staff’s life balance and thousands of work makes staff feel anxious every day. As the economy grows rapidly, the environment is polluted heavily. It is evident that the quality of environment decreasing gives rise to individuals’ SWB fall. Ano ther contributing factor is health which is regarded as the most important aspect by the majority of people. Better health conditions give people confidence as well as well-being. Sometimes, individuals are entangled with family issues, and the negative effects from family cancel out the positive effects from economic income.If a government considers increasing SWB, it should make more in policies that promote good governance, liberties, democracy, trust and public safety (Why Money Doesn’t Buy Happiness, 2011). Personal satisfaction lies in diverse factors, and earning does not play a major role. Section 2 will be devoted to the two explanations why GDP cannot measure the real SWB, especially in developed countries. A United Nations reported that the UK is only the 18th happiest place to live (British people are more miserable than Costa Ricans and Israelis, UN finds, 2012). Firstly, take case of a rabbit eats carrot.A rabbit finds a room filled with a large quantity of carr ots while the rabbit is going to starve to dying. Apparently the rabbit will gobble down the carrots, but the carrots will be become less attractive when the rabbit is almost full. According to the story, in rich countries the SWB rises up to a particular point, but it will never go beyond point. That is the reason why advanced countries (for example, USA, UK, France and Germany) SWB was not ranked in the top position. In reality, money is the carrot. The meaning of 100 dollars is significantly dissimilar between beggars and billionaires.When economy develops to a certain extent, economic factors cannot measure happiness because there are several variables to act on the SWB simultaneously. An amount of factors were introduced at the last paragraph. The second explanation is more psychological. The major determinant of SWB is the relative life condition (comparing with people in the same level) rather than the real life condition. Being more specific, if one individual has better liv ing condition than the other people who live in the same area, the one is more satisfied. This psychological comparison is called keep up with the Joneses.For this reason, the SWB will not change even if economic growth brings about rising incomes. For instance, on the one hand, country people live in the countryside and local residents lead the similar country life. On the other hand, people who live in urban areas lead completely diverse lives. Their social circles usually have a great number of affluent individuals, so the psychological pressure which is caused by the wealth comparison is greater than the happiness of high income. There are also positive views to support economic growth leads to SWB.To be empirical, countries with a lower GDP typically have more problems. Taking an example of Africa, according to the graph of geography of happiness from the Economist website (2010), countries at the bottom (mostly African) had lower score (The rich, the poor and Bulgaria, 2010). Most areas of Africa are rural. Africans now distinctly desire a better life. Although rich countries are clearly happier, the correlation is not perfect (The rich, the poor and Bulgaria, 2010). In the research of assistant professor Stevenson, they take a 0 to 10 life satisfaction scale to survey the work.People who live in the rich countries place themselves around 7 and 8. At the same time, people in the poor countries consider themselves at about 3. As the matter of fact, increasing GDP can raise average satisfaction. For instance, nations with booming GDP imply government can spend more capital on health care, education or environmental protection. It is not apparent that a lager GDP measures citizen’s health, education or intelligence directly, but it does continue to contribute to citizen’s life. This paragraph provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of this paper.Firstly, basic needs are meet differences in well-being are less frequently due to i ncome, and more frequently due to factors such as social relationships and enjoyment at work (Why money doesn’t buy happiness, 2007), different variables influence SWB jointly. Secondly, two explanations were presented to interpret that GDP cannot measure the real SWB. The saturating point exists in the process of economic development promotes SWB, and then the economic factors will not be crucial. What is more, the psychological comparison is a vital determinant in SWB, though the income rising expressively brings plentiful happiness.Thirdly, GDP can increase national SWB authentically. To individuals, large income raises SWB in the short term. There are a number of separable components of SWB (Diener, 2000). Thus, money does not buy happiness. SWB is difficult to be calculated and can be measured in different ways. Happiness, as the ultimate goal, requires the most encompassing measure (measuring of well-being, 2006). Bibliography 1. Deutsche Bank Research, 2006, Measures o f Well-being. Available from http://www. dbresearch. com/PROD/DBR_INTERNET_EN-PROD/PROD0000000000202587. PDF [Accessed 19 April 2012] 2.Dinener, E. 2000. Subjective Well-being: The Science of Happiness and Proposal for a National Index. American Psychologist, vol. 55, No. 1, 34-43. 3. Livesciene, 2011, Top 19 Happiest Countries (and the 20 saddest). Available from http://www. livescience. com/13790-19-happiest-countries-20-saddest. html [Accessed 16 April 2012] 4. The Daily Beast, 2007, Why Money Doesn’t Buy Happiness. Available from http://www. thedailybeast. com/newsweek/2007/10/14/why-money-doesn-t-buy-happiness. html [Accessed 19 April 2012] 5. The Economist, 2010, Comparing Countries. The rich, the poor and Bulgaria.Money really can buy you happiness. Available from http://www. economist. com/node/17722557. html [Accessed 26 April 2012] 6. The Telegraph, 2012, British people are more miserable than Costa Ricans and Israelis, UN finds. Available from http://www. thetelegr aph. co. uk/lifestyle/9184916/British-people-are-more-miserable-than-Costa-Ricans-and-Isrealis-UN-finds. html [Accessed 4 May 2012] 7. Yale School of management, What Are the Economics of Happiness? Available from http://bpp. wharton. upenn. edu/betseys/press%20reaction/Easterlin%20Paradox/YaleSOMInterview. pdf [Accessed 26 April 2012]

Profit and Loss Essay

Profit and loss accounts, balance sheets Profit and loss accounts, balance sheets Two of the most important financial statements for a business are the Profit and Loss Account, and the Balance Sheet. The Profit and Loss Account shows the profit or loss of a business over a given period of time e. g. 3 months, 1 year, etc. In contrast, the Balance Sheet is like a photograph taken at an instant in time giving a picture of what the business owns and what the business owes at that moment in time. As we shall see it will always balance because what the business owns is financed by what the business owes. The Profit and Loss (P&L account) Net profit takes account of other sources of income and expenditure that are not involved in normal operations e. g. interest paid on loans and interest received on having a positive balance in a bank account. Turnover – is the value of sales made in a trading period. It is some eferred to as sale revenue and is calculated by the average price of items sold x the number sold. Cost of sales – calculates the direct costs of manufacturing items, or buying in items to sell them on. Expenses – are the overhead costs of running a business. These overheads can’t be tied down to particular cost units. For example, it would be very difficult to calculate what fraction of the heating cost of a pen factory can be allocated to just one pen. The Balance Sheet is a statement showing the assets, liabilities and owner’s capital of a business at a particular Downloaded from The100 Edition – http://www. he100. co. uk moment in time, for example the year end. T he Balance Sheet balances because the assets that a business possesses at a specific time have been financed either through the provision of capital by the owner’s or by the creation of external liabilities: Value of assets = Value of Liabilities Value of Owner’s capital. There are a number of things that we can see from looking at a balance sheet, for example: 1. The Net Assets of the business, i. e. the difference between the value of the assets and the value of the liabilities. A growth in net assets tends to indicate a growing business. 2. How solvent the business is. In other words, does it have enough assets that are short term, and hence easily converted into cash, to pay any pressing short-term liabilities. Case Example: A typical balance sheet will be set out in the following way (note that we use two columns. The first column is for minor calculations, the second column is for grand totals): Balance Sheet of Superior Traders, as at 31st December 2004 Fixed assets consist of those items that are kept within the business to create wealth over a period of time e. . machinery, equipment, vehicles, computers, etc. Current assets are used in the short period to generate income for a business. For example, in a manufacturing company like Kraft, stocks would represent products that have already been made and are waiting to be sold onto retailers. Typically stocks will be sold on credit for periods of one month, two months, or three months. Retailers buying s tocks on credit from Kraft would become Kraft’s debtors. At the end of the credit period they will pay up in the form of cash, enabling Kraft to buy more raw materials to create further stocks. Creditors due within one year are the sums that a business owes money to in the short period – otherwise known as current liabilities. Net current assets is a measure of how solvent or liquid a business is. Many businesses need to have working capital. Working capital is calculated by subtracting current liabilities from current assets: Working capital = Current assets – Current liabilities Note that the figure for net current assets appear almost in the centre of a balance sheet, and is a figure that many people will look at first to check on the solvency of a business. Total assets – current liabilities is a sum that appears in the balance sheet simply doing what the title suggests. Creditors due after more than one year shows the longer term liabilities of the bsiness. Total net assets is calculated by taking away all the liabilities (both current and long term) from all of the assets (both current and long term). Shareholders’ funds shows the value of the shareholders capital in the business. It will always be the same value as the total net assets and it balances the account. Downloaded from The100 Profit and loss accounts, balance sheets Profit and loss accounts, balance sheets Two of the most important financial statements for a business are the Profit and Loss Account, and the Balance Sheet. The Profit and Loss Account shows the profit or loss of a business over a given period of time e. g. 3 months, 1 year, etc. In contrast, the Balance Sheet is like a photograph taken at an instant in time giving a picture of what the business owns and what the business owes at that moment in time. As we shall see it will always balance because what the business owns is financed by what the business owes. The Profit and Loss (P&L account) One of the most important objectives of a business is to make a profit. The P&L account shows the extent to which it has been successful in achieving this objective. Companies are expected to keep their P&L accounts in certain formats. Typically the P&L account will show the revenues received by a business and the costs involved in generating that revenue. In simple terms: Revenues – Costs = Profits. A typical P&L account will look like the following: Case Study: P&L Account for Superior Traders as at 31/12/2004 You can find out the gross profit of a business by deducting cost of sales from turnover: ? 100,000 – ? 50,000 = ? 0,000 You can find out the operating profit by deducting the expenses from the gross profit: ? 50,000 – ? 30,000 = ? 20,000 You may also come across the term net profit. Operating profit is earned from carrying out a businesses normal operations e. g. producing confectionery, or selling Christmas cards. Net profit takes account of other sources of income and expenditure that are not involved in normal operations e. g. interest paid on loans and interest received on having a positive balance in a bank account. Turnover – is the value of sales made in a trading period. It is sometimes referred to as sale revenue and is calculated by the average price of items sold x the number sold. Cost of sales – calculates the direct costs of manufacturing items, or buying in items to sell them on. Expenses – are the overhead costs of running a business. These overheads can’t be tied down to particular cost units. For example, it would be very difficult to calculate what fraction of the heating cost of a pen factory can be allocated to just one pen. The Balance Sheet is a statement showing the assets, liabilities and owner’s capital of a business at a particular Downloaded from The Times 100 Edition – oment in time, for example the year end. The Balance Sheet balances because the assets that a business possesses at a specific time have been financed either through the provision of capital by the owner’s or by the creation of external liabilities: Value of assets = Value of Liabilities Value of Owner’s capital. The re are a number of things that we can see from looking at a balance sheet, for example: 1. The Net Assets of the business, i. e. the difference between the value of the assets and the value of the liabilities. A growth in net assets tends to indicate a growing business. Creditors due within one year are the sums that a business owes money to in the short period – otherwise known as current liabilities. Net current assets is a measure of how solvent or liquid a business is. Many businesses need to have working capital. Working capital is calculated by subtracting current liabilities from current assets: Working capital = Current assets – Current liabilities Note that the figure for net current assets appear almost in the centre of a balance sheet, and is a figure that many people will look at first to check on the solvency of a business. Total assets – current liabilities is a sum that appears in the balance sheet simply doing what the title suggests. Creditors due after more than one year shows the longer term liabilities of the bsiness. Total net assets is calculated by taking away all the liabilities (both current and long term) from all of the assets (both current and long term). Shareholders’ funds shows the value of the shareholders capital in the business. It will always be the same value as the total net assets and it balances the account. Downloaded from The Times 100 Edition.

Stakeholder Analysis in Event Management

Stakeholder Analysis in Event Management Stakeholder Definition Stakeholders are individuals, groups of individuals or organizations that hold a special interest in an event including its operations and success. Stakeholders are a critical pillar in the success of any event. To a certain extent, stakeholders shape the manner in which event managers conduct an event.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Stakeholder Analysis in Event Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Stakeholder analysis is a process in which the event managers conduct a calculated effort towards understanding stakeholders and the ways in which to inculcate their demands to ensure the success of an event. Stakeholder analysis in event management is a tricky affair as this is a one-off occasion. Hence, there is no any other chance to make stakeholders happy. For example, major events such as the World Cup or the marriage of high ranking individuals (e.g. the Prince of England) call for me ticulous planning to ensure they are successful and meet the expectations of all interested individuals (Allen et al. 2011). Relationship between Event Management and Stakeholders As noted earlier, stakeholders are a crucial part of the success of an event. Certain benefits accrue from the inclusion of certain stakeholders in an event. It is also crucial to note that not all stakeholders contribute positively towards an event. It follows that stakeholders need to be evaluated to remove distracters that hide in the name of stakeholders and interested parties. It is also the cardinal responsibility of an event manager to know the various stakeholders and determine their relevance regarding the success of an event (Stanford, 2012). The following benefits may be realized through inclusion of relevant stakeholders in event management. The opinions of some stakeholders are crucial to the success of an event. For example, when planning a wedding for a high profile individual, it would be c rucial to listen to renowned designers, hoteliers, security experts, and Public Relations experts. These individuals may be interested in the event for monetary or business gains, but may provide the much-needed input to ensure that the event is a success.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, not all of the aforementioned stakeholder’s opinion may come in a manner aimed at aiding in the success of an event. Others are purely motivated by critical innuendos and it is the responsibility of the event manager to indentify right and wrong criticism (Stanford, 2012). Some stakeholders reign in great resources. Sometimes, such resources are what the event manager s requires to ensure that an event is a success. For example, if England wanted to hold the world cup, it would be crucial to engage with the renowned football clubs, which have excellent stadia to be used during the event. The event managers would also engage with the government to provide the needed security machinery to make the event a success. Hence, it is vital to indentify the stakeholders resourceful standing may be crucial in the success of an event (Allen et al. 2011). Communicating with stakeholders is part of engagement between event manager s and stakeholders. Communication of the progress and parameters of success of an event is crucial to mitigate expectations and to receive supplementary feedback. However, not all events require constant communication while others need constant and sustained communication if they are to be successful. For example, invited guests to a high profile wedding would require having the venue and schedules. Additionally, events such as world cups require prior timetables for matches prepared. This way, the stakeholders know what to expect and can therefore plan. It also forms the basis for the success of the event (Allen et al. 2011). Ris ks of Not Conducting a Stakeholder Analysis The relationship between stakeholders and the success of an event as outlined above highlights the importance of a stakeholder analysis. It also points to the risks of not conducting such an analysis. One of the major risks of the failure to conduct a proper stakeholder analysis is the possibility of not understanding the host community well. It would be disastrous to serve beef in an Indian wedding. This would also point out the event manager’s failure to understand that in Indian culture cows are worshipped as gods.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Stakeholder Analysis in Event Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There are certain steps that are followed in the stakeholder analysis. These steps are crucial in the identification of the stakeholders, prioritizing them according to the level of importance, and understanding them. When an event manager skips th is all-important process, the three indentified items are skipped or conducted in a haphazard manner. This may result in disastrous results (Miller, 1998). Additionally, this procedural negligence may reflect badly on the event organizers. It is crucial to note, however, that there is not any universally accepted way of approaching events management. Failure to conduct a stakeholder’s analysis may also results in an event full of hitches. Such an event will attract a lot of criticism once it is completed. For example, although this may not be the case, the Boston Marathon shooting is a negative reflection on the organizers. It will remain etched on the minds of all the other stakeholders whether they participated or learnt about it in the news. All other marathon organizers will mention this in boardrooms every time they are looking at the aspect of security. The aforementioned factors points out the risky nature of a one off event. The fact that some events take a lot of tim e before they are repeated may have some lasting reflections on an event that flops. Hence, it is the responsibility of the organizers to ensure that a proper stakeholder’s analysis is conducted before an event to ensure it is successful (Allen et al. 2011). Real-Life Event of the Concept of Stakeholder Analysis The wedding of Prince William and Kate Middleton is an example of a real life event that required a careful process of analyzing the stakeholders. For starters, the wedding was a high profile affair involving one of the oldest British families. The wedding was also touching on the very core of the British tradition. The prince of England who would take the throne if the queen were to die was marrying.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The stakeholders were numerous. The stakes were high and interests were through the sky. Managing such an event required careful planning. The stakeholders had to be meticulously filtered to retain the quite crucial ones (Capra, 2002). One such stakeholder was the governments. The United Kingdom government had to come up with a high stakes list of the high profile individuals to make the list of guests. The questions that lingered prominently in the event manager’s mind was whom do I include and who do skip from this list? Although the event was a two people affair, the ripples would be felt even in the diplomatic circles. Additionally, this may go a long way in entrenching British relationships with global partners. The other stakeholders were fashion enthusiasts. This group had their tongues wagging months before the main event. From which designer will Kate Middleton order her wedding dress? How will it look like? Is she going to disappoint? Numerous newspaper and magazine articles were dedicated towards this discussion. Engaging experts in the field would result in one of the most memorable fashion statements in the 21st century. A careless involvement may also ruin one of the major events in British history. Therefore, a middle ground had to be found (Allen et al. 2011). In light of the many guests, the high profile event, the global attention, and the fact that the event would end in a matter of hours, it was crucial to come up with a schedule reflective of protocols and comfort meticulously. To do this, the government had to be involved. Additionally, most of the guests in the list had to be informed of the events of the day to ensure they are not entangled in the intricate schedule (Allen et al. 2011). The above highlights reflect the intricacies of stakeholder analysis. Among other things, the one thing that stands out is the need to filter a large pool of interested stakeholders to a level reminiscent of the parameters of the event. The need f or communication also stands out quite starkly. Although an event may be small or big, this crucial aspect requires careful consideration. Failure to communicate may result in many hitches. It may also mean a harsh postmortem of the event once it is completed (Capra, 2002). References Allen, J. et al. (2011). Festival and Special Event Management. Brisbane, QLD: John Wiley Sons. Capra, F. (2002). Complexity and Life. Emergence, 4(2): 15-33. Miller, A. (1998). Strategic Management. McGraw Hill: New York. Stanford. (2012). Stakeholder Analysis. Retrieved from https://www.stanford.edu/

Writing Press Releases

Writing Press Releases Writing Press Releases Writing Press Releases By Sharon Writing press releases is big business for freelance writers and it’s easy to learn the basic skills. Press releases inform people about the products and services that individuals and companies wish to promote. Their purpose is to make the news and they’re easy to write if you learn the basic techniques. The two key elements to consider are structure and content. Structure The structure of a press release is identical to that of a news story. It follows the inverted pyramid, leading with the most important information and ending with the least important information. The lead of your press release contains the six W’s – who, what, where, why, when and how. These six elements form the basis of your story. The rest of the press release expands on these by providing background information and quotes. Press releases are short and usually fit on one page. The top of the press release usually contains either the words â€Å"For immediate release† or an embargo date that tells editors when it’s okay to publish the news in the release. The end of the release usually includes contact details so people can get more information if they need it. Content So what do you put in a press release? The key to writing a good press release is to emphasize the people aspect of your story. News is about people and that’s what other people are interested in. Another important aspect is the what’s in it for me factor. When writing a press release, emphasize how people will benefit from the product or service being promoted. These tips will get you started with press release writing. A useful and detailed example can be found here. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Freelance Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:What is the Difference Between "These" and "Those"?Story Writing 101Educational vs. Educative

Employee Discipline Policy (human Resource) Employee Labor and Assignment

Employee Discipline Policy (human Resource) Employee Labor and Relations Class - Assignment Example The employers should develop the policy with one attorney or with trade bodies in order to ensure that it does not violate any laws (What can you do about employee absenteeism?, n.d.). The employers should also make the policy known to the employees before fully implementing it (What can you do about employee absenteeism, n.d.). It is necessary that the employers are able to check if the policy is fully implemented. The attendance records help the employers to check which of the employees are regular and who are making frequent leaves (Controlling Employees’ Absenteeism, 2011). Thus analysis of attendance records should be done after the implementation of the policy. Though there are challenges in managing absenteeism, the company must make sure that all employees are treated the well and there is no discrimination when implementing the policy. The company should maintain to be consistent, persistent and fair to all. And lastly, when implementing policy, it is better to implem ent the programs and policies in a facultative manner rather than punitive because majority of the employees will appreciate this kind of approach (Yorges, n.d.). Sources: Controlling Employees’ Absenteeism, (2011).

Materials Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Materials - Assignment Example Storage tanks and other structures operating in a corrosive environment would prefer the use of stainless steel material of density 8200kg/m^3. ((Bansal R.K, 1998) Measurement of densities is critical since a defective product with a cracks or porosity would indicate a different density. Determination of density of a component indirectly leads to the calculation of the total weight of the structure and the corresponding stress due to this self weight. 2. Stress and Strain- Stress is defined as the intensity of force or force per unit area. In an engineering design the maximum allowable stress for a particular material is predefined and is a function of its yield strength. Therefore when a member has stresses beyond the allowable range, the area resisting this force is increased to bring it within the allowable range. Strain is defined as defined as the elongation of a structure per unit length. Calculating the strain helps the design engineer in comparing the values with the maximum allowable deflection.( Timoshenko Stephen and Gere James, 2004) 3. Tensile and Compressive strength- When a force is applied on bar or a structure in such a manner that it forces it to elongate, the resulting stresses are tensile stress. The maximum value of this particular stress for a particular material is called Tensile strength. ... The behaviour of the material is linear till this point. (b) The strain increases rapidly and the material shows elastic behaviour up to the elastic limit. (c) Beyond this point a significant increase in strain has only a minor change in tensile force. The material at this point is yielding and the point at which this starts is called the yield point. (d) Beyond the yield point to the lower yield point the material show plastic behaviour with large change in strain showing no change or a partial dip in stress values. The material is thus encountering plastic deformation.( Timoshenko Stephen and Gere James, 2004) 5. Modulus of Elasticity- As discussed in the previous graph stress is directly proportional to strain up to the proportional limit i.e Stress ? Strain or Stress= E x Strain. E here represents the Modulus of Elasticity and is dependent on the nature of the material. The elongation for a bar of length L, cross sectional area A under the impact of a force P having modulus of el asticity as E is given by ?L= P*L/(A*E). Modulus of elasticity is therefore critical in evaluating deflections. ( Timoshenko Stephen and Gere James, 2004) Experiment using Round piece of mild steel ( Timoshenko Stephen and Gere James, 2004) Reading Load Extension Strain Stress 1 50 0.09 0.00046 0.10186 2 100 0.19 0.00097 0.20372 3 150 0.29 0.00149 0.30558 4 160 0.34 0.00174 0.32595 5 165 0.46 0.00236 0.33614 6 170 0.78 0.004 0.34632 7 180 0.84 0.00431 0.36669 8 190 0.91 0.00467 0.38706 9 200 0.98 0.00503 0.40744 10 210 1.07 0.00549 0.42781 11 220 1.24 0.00636 0.44818 12 230 1.49 0.00764 0.46855 13 240 1.88 0.00964 0.48892 14 250 2.39 0.01226 0.5093 15 255 3.95